HPLC

The drug discovery process can be accelerated by chromatographic profiling of analogs by measuring their nonspecific binding to proteins and lipids and then by modelling in vivo distribution. A balanced potency and chromatographically determined membrane and protein binding ensure the selection of compounds with the highest probability to show the desired in vivo distribution behaviour for efficacy and reduced toxicity. The first part of the article will discuss the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based measurements of lipophilicity and biomimetic properties, while the second part will discuss the models derived from the measured data of known drug molecules and drug discovery compounds.

Characterization of protein modifications is an essential aspect of biopharmaceutical development. Traditionally, the characterization process of chromatographic peaks involves manual, larger-scale fractionation to obtain a sufficient amount of material for further analytical studies. This article presents a fully automated process for online peak fractionation and reduction of therapeutic antibodies with subsequent quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS) characterization. This innovative technique significantly accelerates MS peak characterization compared to traditional approaches and avoids the risk of unintended modifications of the variants as a result of the isolation process, for example, deamidation during storage of isoforms. This approach considerably reduces the required sample amount and can be used for the characterization of product-related impurities during early stage development.

What are the most useful chromatography books on your bookshelf? What are the most useful web-based resources (such as websites, downloadable documents, videos) about separation science? What are the most useful tools supporting your work (such as calculators and simulators)? In this installment, Dwight Stoll compiles input from the separation science community (both individuals and vendors) to guide you to the resources that people find most useful.

To address the challenges of analyzing new illicit drugs, emerging techniques such as UHPSFC with MS and UV detection, and GC with VUV detection, may be needed, particularly for distinguishing positional isomers and diastereomers.

LCGC, the leading resource for separation scientists, is proud to announce that Ronald E. Majors and Zachary S. Breitbach are the winners of the 11th annual LCGC Lifetime Achievement and Emerging Leader in Chromatography Awards, respectively. Majors and Breitbach will be honored in a symposium as part of the technical program at the Pittcon 2018 conference in Orlando, Florida, on February 26, 2018.

Polyphenols are a well-known group of antioxidants widely diffused as secondary metabolites in plants, vegetables, and fruit. The Column spoke to Nicola Marchetti from the Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Ferrara in Ferrara, Italy, about his research into the characterization of polyphenols in red chicory using high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS).

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods are used today to control the quality of many chemical and pharmaceutical products. The methods are usually developed by optimizing the properties of the mobile phase with a specific column. However, if the original column is no longer in production, the result will often change when a different column is used. In this case, we were interested in finding one or two equivalent columns that can replace the original column without changes in selectivity and robustness. This study demonstrates a new way to compare columns and select suitable replacement columns. The presented method will also allow the evaluation of different columns with the same method, as well as the evaluation of the robustness of the common method with different columns.

Monitoring lipid oxidation during the shelf life of lipid-containing food emulsions, such as mayonnaise, is challenging. It is, however, essential for the development of improved, consumer-preferred products. Determining the nonvolatile lipid oxidation products (NONVOLLOPS), the precursor compounds for rancidity, is required to determine the effectiveness of product stabilization technologies. A method based on normal-phase liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure photo ionization-mass spectrometry (LC–APPI-MS) was developed for this purpose. The inclusion of a size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) step was needed to remove interfering diacylglycerides and free fatty acids from the samples. The combined SEC and normal-phase LC–APPI-MS method allowed the identification of a wide range of oxidized species including hydroperoxides, oxo-2½ glycerides, epoxides, and other oxidized species. The method was found to be more suitable for the analysis of large sample sets.

What’s not in your standard operating procedure? Documenting details can prevent headaches associated with method transfers between laboratories.

What are the potential problems that may be encountered using UHPLC systems and methods, and what strategies can be used for their mitigation?

John shares lessons learned from his more than three decades of teaching liquid chromatography practitioners and helping them solve their problems.

In this extended special feature to celebrate the 30th anniversary edition of LCGC Europe, leading figures from the separation science community explore contemporary trends in separation science and identify possible future developments. We asked key opinion leaders in the field to discuss the current state of the art in liquid chromatography column technology, gas chromatography, sample preparation, and liquid chromatography instruments. They also describe the latest practical developments in supercritical fluid chromatography, 3D printing, capillary electrophoresis, data handling, comprehensive two‑dimensional liquid chromatography, and multidimensional gas chromatography.

In this extended special feature to celebrate the 30th anniversary edition of LCGC Europe, leading figures from the separation science community explore contemporary trends in separation science and identify possible future developments. We asked key opinion leaders in the field to discuss the current state of the art in liquid chromatography instruments.

The last decade has witnessed how liquid chromatography columns and instruments changed from long bulky columns with relatively large fully porous particles operated at modest pressures (100–200 bar), to short compact columns with small superficially porous particles operated at ultrahigh pressures (1200–1500 bar). This (r)evolution has resulted in a tremendous increase in achievable separation performance or decrease in analysis time, but requires a good knowledge of optimal chromatographic conditions for each separation problem and, concomitant, the right instrument configuration.

In his final column before retirement, John Dolan reflects on the changes he has seen during his 34 years as the author of “LC Troubleshooting,” and shares his short list of best practices that still hold true today.

Liquid Chromatography and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry In food analysis, HPLC and triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry are established techniques. Jon Wong of the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration discusses why his agency and others have been developing food analysis methods using UHPLC and HRMS.

Dwight Stoll, who will take the reins of “LC Troubleshooting” next month, spoke with John Dolan to get some insight on the current state of chromatography with John Dolan to get some insight on the current state of chromatography training, future troubleshooting problems, John’s toughest troubleshooting challenge, and the most common chromatographic mistakes.

This instalment on ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) reviews the potential problems that may be encountered using UHPLC systems and methods, and proposes strategies for their mitigation.

How do non-alkylsilica columns provide us an additional dimension of column selectivity?

This instalment in our series on ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) highlights its benefits in fast analysis, high-resolution separations, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method development, reduced solvent and sample usage, and enhanced sensitivity and precision performance.

We consider some of the details associated with preparing a column for storage, with an eye toward choices that will pay dividends in future use.

Several factors influence the useful lifetime of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns. In this instalment we consider some of the details associated with preparing a column for storage, with an eye towards choices that will pay dividends in future use of the column.

Buffers are commonly used in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) to control the ionization state of analytes. However, the addition of buffers is much more complex than simple pH control. Complex equilibria exist between these mobile-phase additives, the analytes, the silica surface, and even the stationary phase in certain circumstances. The addition of mass spectrometry (MS) as a primary detection technique makes decisions about mobile-phase additives even more crucial. In this column instalment, we use a model set of analytes and selected applications to demonstrate the effects that buffers can have not only on the selectivity of a separation, but also on the sensitivity of a reversed-phase analysis when using MS detection.

Some 50 years after Giddings’s iconic comparison of the separation speed of gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC), the authors revisit this comparison using kinetic plots of the current state‑of‑the-art systems in LC, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and GC. It is found that, despite the major progress LC has made in the past decade (sub-2-µm particles, pressures up to 1500 bar, core–shell particles), a fully optimized ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) separation is still at least one order of magnitude slower than capillary GC. The speed limits of packed bed SFC are situated in between.

This instalment highlights historical perspectives on the development of ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) into a modern high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) platform and describes the important instrumental features common to most commercial equipment.

The HPLC symposium series is recognized as “the forum” where new developments in liquid phase separations and their hyphenation to mass spectrometry (MS) for the analysis of (bio)pharmaceutical compounds and their metabolites are presented.

This instalment highlights new high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems, modules, and software that were introduced at Pittcon 2017 and during the year prior, and describes their innovative features and significant benefits.

Peter Myers from the University of Liverpool (Liverpool, UK) spoke to David McCalley from the University of the West of England (Bristol, UK) about the past, present, and future of stationary phases, and his working life in academia and industry.

This article describes a space-saving, quick, and inexpensive sample preparation technique followed by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with a 100% water mobile phase and photodiode array (PDA) detection for quantifying acetamiprid and its N-desmethyl metabolite, IM-2-1, in cow’s milk. The analytes were extracted from the sample and deproteinized using a handheld ultrasonic homogenizer with 5% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid solution, purified using a centrifugal monolithic silica spin minicolumn, and quantified within 20 min per sample. The accuracy and precision are well within the international method acceptance criteria.

The free spreadsheet-based program HPLC Teaching Assistant was developed for effective and innovative learning and teaching of liquid chromatography. This software allows teachers to illustrate the basic principles of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using virtual chromatograms (simulated chromatograms) obtained under various analytical conditions. In the first instalment of this series, we demonstrate the possibilities offered by this spreadsheet to illustrate the concept of chromatographic resolution, including the impact of retention, selectivity, and efficiency; understand the plate height (van Deemter) equation and kinetic performance in HPLC; recognize the importance of analyte lipophilicity (log P) on retention and selectivity in reversed-phase HPLC mode; and manipulate or adapt reversed-phase HPLC retention, taking into account the acido-basic properties (pKa) of compounds and the mobile-phase pH.