Determination of Dyes in Fish Tissue by HPLC/UV
Various triarylmethane and fluorescent dyes are used in aquaculture as antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic agents for the treatment of fish disease. The FDA has banned the importation of certain fish from several countries due to possible contamination of these food products.
Various triarylmethane and fluorescent dyes are used in aquaculture as antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic agents for the treatment of fish disease. The FDA has banned the importation of certain fish from several countries due to possible contamination of these food products. Most published methods only detect malachite green, crystal violet and their metabolites. UCT has developed a procedure for the extraction and analysis of nine dyes used in aquaculture using a carboxylic acid ion-exchange SPE cartridge.
1) Sample Preparation
a. Prepare tilapia fish tissue (purchased at a local grocery store) by homogenization with dry ice.
b. Add 100 µL of each dye standard (50 µg/mL) to 1 g of fish tissue.
c. Vortex 30 s.
d. Add 10 mL of acetonitrile/100 mM ammonium acetate buffer at pH 3 (90:10, v/v).
e. Vortex for 30 s.
f. Centrifuge at 4500 rpm for 5 min and use the supernatant for analysis.
g. Add 10 mL of 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) to the supernatant (1:1 dilution).
h. Prepare the vacuum manifold or automated SPE system using EUCCX156 cartridge(s).
2) Condition Cartridges (no vacuum used)
a. Add 3 mL of methanol to each cartridge.
b. Add 3 mL of reagent grade water to each cartridge.
c. Add 1 mL of 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0).
3) Extract Sample (no vacuum used)
a. Extract sample using 1–2 mL/min flow rate.
4) Wash Cartridge
a. Add 3 mL of 100 mM phosphate buffer solution to cartridge.
b. Slowly draw through.
c. Dry cartridge for 10–15 min at full vacuum.
Table I: Dyes included in study
5) Elute Dye Analytes
a. Add 3 mL of (95:5) methanol/acetic acid solution (adjusted to pH 2.5).
b. Collect eluate using 1–2 mL/min flow rate.
c. Evaporate eluate to dryness under N2 at <40 °C.
d. Redissolve residue using 500 µL of methanol:H2O (50:50, v/v).
LC/UV Analysis
Instruments
Waters 1525 Binary HPLC Pump, 717plus autosampler and 487 UV Detector (other instrumentation may be used).
Figure 1: % Recovery of dyes from fish.
LC/UV Parameters:
Column: Selectra C18, 150 × 2.1 mm, 3 µm particle size (or equivalent)
Injection: 20 µL, Oven temp: 20 °C.
Data Mode: Dual absorbance: 265 and 600 nm.
Pump Mode: Gradient
Mobile Phase:
(A) DI H20 with 10 mM ammonium acetate and 5 mM octanesulfonic acid
(B) Methanol with 10 mM ammonium acetate and 5 mM octanesulfonic acid
Conclusion
Water soluble dyes used in fish aquaculture can be readily analyzed with good recovery using UCT's EUCCX156 carboxylic acid cation exchange SPE cartridge. No oxidation to the leuco metabolites is required prior to LC/UV detection. An LC–MS-MS method is being developed to detect the dyes at lower concentrations according to FDA and EU criteria and will be published shortly.
UCT, LLC
2731 Bartram Road, Bristol, PA 19007
tel. (800) 385-3153; Email: methods@unitedchem.com
Website: www.unitedchem.com
